Class 12 Biology

Trace information from DNA to traits, then connect inherited variation with evolution. Build crosses step by step, and use probabilities rather than memorised ratios alone.

Connect gamete formation, fertilisation and development in flowering plants and humans. Keep chromosome number, developmental stages and hormonal control distinct.

Study the connections between organisms and their environment, from population growth to ecosystem energy flow. Use models carefully and connect conservation to the processes that support biodiversity.

Follow a DNA fragment from isolation to a useful product. Learn what each tool does, why each experimental step is needed, and how to interpret common molecular-biology results.